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The 14th Amendment Protects the Right to a Public Education

Over the years, the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution has had an enormous impact on protecting individual rights in public elementary and secondary education. This has occurred through the United States Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause, the Due Process Clause, and the incorporation of other rights (like freedom of speech) to the states through the 14th Amendment.

Equal Protection Clause

The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment provides that a state may not “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” It applies to public elementary and secondary schools, as they are considered to be state actors. In 1954, the Supreme Court interpreted the Equal Protection Clause’s requirements in  Brown v. Board of Education . In perhaps one of the most famous and important cases issued by the Court, it stated:

We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs…are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.

That language, and the Court’s decision, had a dramatic impact on public education. Schools were required to end the discriminatory practice of segregating students based on race. While segregation was more prevalent in some states than in others, all public schools in all states that had segregated students needed to desegregate, or face claims that they were in violation of the 14th Amendment. What followed was roughly 50 years of desegregation efforts in public schools, and numerous court decisions regarding the constitutionality of those desegregation efforts.

Over time, the focus evolved from ending and remedying the vestiges of discriminatory practices to integration efforts that sought to promote the diversity of the student population in public schools. In some instances, these integration efforts were voluntary, meaning they were done by schools that had not segregated students in the past. These integration efforts continue to this day, and the predominant legal issues revolve around the extent to which race can be used as a factor in the assignment of students to certain schools in order to diversify the student body.

The language, and the logic, of the  Brown v. Board  decision also found its way into other types of Equal Protection claims. For example, in the mid-1970s, students with disabilities challenged their exclusion from public school on equal protection grounds. Two very influential lower court decisions,  PARC v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and  Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia , relied on  Brown v. Board  and determined that students with disabilities could not be excluded from public school because of their disabilities.

Those court decisions led to a federal statute that imposed similar requirements on all public schools that accepted certain federal funds. That law turned into the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which today applies to all public schools. The law requires public schools to provide all students with disabilities with a  Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) . It also prohibits schools from expelling or suspending students with disabilities for longer than 10 days, when the student’s actions are caused by their disability.

Due Process Clause

Due process is another area of the 14th Amendment that has had a dramatic impact on individual rights in public education. The Due Process Clause says that states may not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to have substantive and procedural protections. With substantive due process, the 14th Amendment protects a parent’s right to direct the educational upbringing of their child. Because of this right, the Supreme Court ruled that a state statute that prohibited the teaching of foreign language, and a state statute that required all students to attend public schools, as opposed to private schools, violated the 14th Amendment. See  Meyer v. Nebraska  and  Pierce v. Society of Sisters . The Court also ruled that a state statute that required Amish children to attend school past the eighth grade violated the substantive due process rights, and the religious freedom rights, of Amish parents to direct the educational and religious upbringing of their children. See  Wisconsin v. Yoder .

As a result of these substantive due process protections, all states currently have exceptions in their state compulsory attendance statutes that require students of certain ages to attend school. The exceptions allow for attendance at private schools, religious schools, and homeschool to meet the compulsory attendance requirements.

The procedural due process protections of the 14th Amendment have also played an important role in public education, particularly in the areas of student discipline and teacher employment. With student discipline, the Supreme Court has ruled that students have a “legitimate entitlement to a public education as a property right.” See  Goss v. Lopez . That right may not be taken away without first providing due process protections, which are generally notice of what the student is accused of doing, and the opportunity to be heard before the student is disciplined.

The required amount of notice and opportunity to be heard increases as the severity of the discipline increases. With minor disciplinary actions, an informal discussion with the principal may be sufficient to meet the requirements. For more severe discipline, such as expulsion, a more detailed hearing is generally required to give the student a chance to present evidence, and to cross-examine witnesses. As a result of these constitutional due process protections, all states have enacted statutes and regulations that provide due process protections for students during the discipline process.

A similar due process right applies to tenured teachers at public elementary and secondary schools. Once a teacher receives tenured status, they have a property interest in their continued employment, and must be provided with notice and a hearing before it may be taken away from them. See  Perry v. Sindermann .

Incorporation

The third area where the 14th Amendment has impacted public schools is in the application of other constitutional rights to the states through the 14th Amendment, via a concept known as  incorporation . Perhaps the biggest impact here has been the First Amendment’s right to free speech, although other protections like freedom of religion have also made their mark on public education.

In the area of free speech, the Supreme Court has said that students and teachers do not “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.” See  Tinker v. Des Moines . While courts do give some deference to school administrators in making decisions about whether to prohibit certain student speech, the First Amendment requires schools to justify their decisions when they infringe on free speech rights. The level of justification required depends on the nature of the speech, and the nature of the restriction.

For example, in  Tinker v. Des Moines , students were protesting the Vietnam War by wearing armbands, and the school disciplined the students for doing so. The Supreme Court ruled that the discipline violated the First Amendment, because the school could not show that the speech could reasonably be expected to cause a substantial disruption with school activities or the rights of others. By contrast, in  Morse v. Frederick , the Supreme Court deferred to a school administrator’s judgment that a sign that said “Bong Hits 4 Jesus” promoted drug use, and upheld the discipline of the students that displayed the sign at a school event.

These are just a few examples of the many ways that the 14th Amendment impacts individual rights in public education. Many of these issues arise on a daily basis in public schools, and the 14th Amendment provides some constitutional protections of individual rights that schools must take into account when addressing them.

Scott F. Johnson

Scott F. Johnson is a Professor of Law at Purdue Global Law School (formerly Concord Law School), where he teaches Education Law and Special Education Law, among other topics. He has written a number of books and articles in the education law area. Professor Johnson’s law practice included education and special education cases, and he currently serves as a special education hearing officer for a state agency.

The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not represent the view of Purdue Global Law School.

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Essay On Right To Education

500 words essay on right to education.

Education enables individuals to put their potentials to optimal use. Moreover, it makes them a thinker and correct decision-maker. This is possible because of getting access to knowledge from the external world. Thus, education opens new windows to the outside world. Through an essay on right to education , we will discuss its importance and benefits.

Importance of Right to Education

Education is an essential condition to free individual development. It is what can make a person fit for the tasks of citizenship. Moreover, when you are not educated, you will hardly understand politics or stay vigilant about national interests.

Thus, participation in state affairs is going to be negligible only. In other words, a citizen like that will be no less than a slave to others. This will prevent them from rising in the stature of their personality. Usually, others will make decisions for that person.

Consequently, it will be a failure of democracy. The right to education is a civil right that safeguards individuals from all this. While it does not guarantee an identical intellectual training of everyone nonetheless, it does provide provisions for that type of education.

Without the right to education, people won’t be able to get live their life as they wish to, especially those who cannot afford it. It ensures that everyone gets an equal right to education so that we all can develop as a society without leaving anyone section out.

Thus, the right to education can be life-changing for people who wish to change their lives and break the old-age cycle. It helps individuals to get equal access to education like any other citizen without any discrimination.

Benefits of Right to Education

There are many benefits which the right to education provides us with. Firstly, it has brought many changes in society in terms of ease of education. Further, it ensures a consistent fee structure for all.

In other words, schools cannot make any sudden hikes in fees so people don’t suffer from it. After that, it also ensures that everybody gets an education easily by making it available to everyone.

A lot of underprivileged students cannot find ample resources despite having talent. Thus, it ensures that they can rightfully pursue their education. Consequently, it increases the literacy rate of a nation.

This is without a doubt a great advantage for any country. Moreover, it removes any kind of discrimination especially for people belonging to different economic backgrounds. Similarly, it applies to disabled people as well.

Most importantly, it ensures that schools offer seats to those who cannot afford to pay their fees. Thus, it helps the underprivileged people to partake in it thereby making education reach all sectors of society.

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Conclusion of Essay on Right to Education

All in all, every citizen must get a chance to get access to education which will enable them to judge, weigh and make decisions for themselves. It is a life-changer for many people all over the world especially those belonging to the underprivileged sector to outshine.

FAQ of Essay on Right to Education

Question 1: Why is education important for child development?

Answer 1: Education offers children to learn with diversity. Thus, children will develop healthy social interaction by blending in with other kids belonging to different cultures and backgrounds. Moreover, it can boost their self-esteem and self-confidence.

Question 2: Why is the right to education important?

Answer 2: The right to education is essential as it is a human right and indispensable for the exercise of other human rights. Quality education strives to guarantee the development of a fully-rounded human being. Similarly, it is one of the most powerful tools which can lift socially excluded children and adults out of poverty.

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Right to Education

The right to education incorporates a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have not finished primary education. The right to education is a universal entitlement to education. This is recognized inside International Covenant about Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as being a human right that features the right to free, compulsory primary education for those, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all, as well as an obligation to develop equitable usage of higher education, through the progressive introduction of free higher education.

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Right to Education: Implementation, Problems and Challenges

The Right to Education: Education is one of the most valuable tools that mankind has to be able to make drastic changes within and to the world around. As the world has progressed, it has become evidently clear that knowledge is a very powerful possession. As an extension of this education becomes a very important tool in fostering children to create a pathway to a better and sustainable future for the planet. Education has evolved to become multi-dimensional, in the sense that it has a social, economic, and cultural aspect to it as well. It becomes socially relevant as it ensures the nourishment of an individual’s personality. Economically, it enables people to be self-sufficient and live their life without falling at anyone’s feet. Lastly, it is culturally important because it aids in the entrenchment of education as the way to build a global culture of human rights.

This issue came to the very forefront after the Second World War, a very harsh and volatile period for the world. Naturally, discussions of the importance and essentiality of education in recreating the global world after a violent period came to light very quickly. Many years have passed and the right to education has become a very basic human right. But the importance of education is far more relevant in developing countries. In such places, education serves to better the state in many aspects. It allows the population to be gradually alleviated from poverty , aid democracy, increase awareness about human rights and prevents exploitation of children. Ultimately it allows to reduce the barriers between classes and a much more uniform progression to be shared among the people of a state. Education has been and continues to remain one of the most worthwhile financial investments a state can do to alleviate human capital and help in the betterment of the state.

The Right to Education in India

For India, the right to education is ever more important considering the sheer enormity of our population and our status as a developing nation. As such, for the country to develop, education of the masses was and continues to be a very difficult but important, necessary and rewarding endeavour.

The RTE act in India came about almost sixty-three years after independence. The Act guarantees to provide every Indian child in the age group of 6-14 a most basic and fundamental right to education. The bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha on 20 July 2009 containing a few minor changes compared to the draft bill. On the 4 th of August in the same year, the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha . Soon after presidential assent was given and the law became active on the 3 rd of September 2009 as the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 (RTE Act). The Act was amended again in 2010 and became enforceable throughout India excluding the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Positive Aspects of the RTE ACT

Broadly speaking, the act aims to provide free, compulsory, and most importantly quality education to children. There is also a focus on the social responsibility upheld by teachers and a simplification in the admissions process in most schools. Children who have dropped out or have never attended any educational avenues could now be helped and given the gift of education. It is also not reductive as it does not only enforce the enrolment alone. Instead, there is the importance given to the physical conditions of the school and its surroundings, qualification of teachers, the ratio of students to teachers to name a few.

The Act forces state governments to make sure that every child in the age group of 6-14 years under their jurisdiction receives at least eight years of education in a school that is able to meet the minimum standards. Children admitted like so, will be allowed to complete their elementary education even after 14 years of age as well. Authorities are also obligated to identify dropouts or other children who have never been to school and allocate them to age-appropriate classes after providing special training to make sure they do not fall behind. Free education does not mean the exemption of the tuition fees alone. The act goes further in ensuring that children do not have to pay for other costs such as books or uniforms. This is a nice addition as it incentivizes even more children from many communities to attend school on a regular basis.

It is also a well-known fact that schools have become increasingly bureaucratized, and as a side effect of that, there is an unnecessary and bothersome insistence on documentation. And children have turned away on the grounds that the admission cycle is over in most schools. Children coming from lesser fortunate communities may not necessarily be able to provide said documentation. They may also not be able to adhere strictly to the timetable of admission cycles of schools. Section 14 of the Act prevents denial of admission on the grounds of any inability by the child to produce their documentation. Furthermore, the Act prohibits children from being held back in any class, expulsion from the school, or be forced to pass any board examination until they are able to complete their elementary education. Children with disabilities will also not be exempted from these special provisions.

Every private school is required by the Act to ensure that 25 percent of the children enrolling for their incoming class are from weaker sections and disadvantaged communities. This quota cannot be left empty. The teacher-student ratio is fixed at 1:30 for each school and has to be complied with. This ensures that the teacher is able to give equal importance to all students in a given class. The financial weight of such an elaborate scheme covering such a massive population have been agreed to be split by the central and state governments in a 55:45 ratio.

These are a few key aspects of what is a very elaborate effort by the Indian government in bringing about a change in the country by reducing illiteracy and providing education to the masses.

Problems and Challenges 

All of the aforementioned points sound really appealing and nice on paper. The actual implementation is actually far from easy and even after more than ten years, there is much more to be seen in terms of changes brought about by the act. There are many reasons for this.

Lack of Funds

The first thing that immediately comes up is the glaring deficit of funds in order to implement every aspect of this Act as efficiently as possible. Despite the state and central governments coordinating it is not a small amount that is required to educate such a large population. Many state governments initially came out and said that they would require additional funds in order to implement the Act. The Orissa government then also made a demand that the state should be allocated into a special category. The state governments are not at all wrong in claiming a lack of funds as each demographic is different and will require different levels of funding. The same ratio of 55:45 might not be practical everywhere, nor in the long run.

Infrastructural Challenges

The Act aims for schools to keep up a minimum standard of infrastructure for students. Basically, making sure that with free education there is no lack of necessary student amenities such as availability of drinking water, clean kitchens for midday meals, number of classrooms and their capacities, playgrounds and finally separate toilets for boys and girls. The underlying reality is that most schools still do not meet such basic requirements and come up short in many aspects. A survey conducted by the National University of Education Planning and Administration revealed that roughly half of the elementary schools in the country do not have separate toilets for girls.

Furthermore, a report from The District Information Systems for Education Report 2008-9, showcased that of the 1.29 million schools that they covered, a shocking 60 percent did not have electricity. More and more surveys or inquiries into this issue would only reveal the very sad reality that is the infrastructural deficit of a majority of Indian schools. This is also a consequence of the lack of funds on the both the state and central government’s side. Better decision-making and better allocation of funds can potentially fix this problem.

Shortage of Qualified Teachers

A much less evident problem is the lack of qualified teachers in most schools across India. It is predominant in the government schools in rural areas, but private schools are also susceptible to the same problem. Even where there are qualified teachers, the average teacher-student ratio is much higher than the prescribed 1:30 in the Act. This disappointing shortage of teachers is very detrimental to the cause of educating such a big population.

What is very much needed is the presence of regulatory bodies, similar to bar councils for lawyers, for school teachers and administrators. It would enforce strict adherence to certain prescribed qualifications that the teachers must meet. A sense of accountability is also bought in as necessary actions can be taken against teachers or administrators, without involving the school.

No Detention Policy

The policy of not detaining students in a class as prescribed by the Act is one that has proved to be a loophole. What this means is that, there is no insistence on a formal examination that a student must write and pass before being promoted to the next class. The measure was taken to reduce the chances of a student dropping out of school in case they were detained. A direct offshoot of this is that it fails to examine a students knowledge base. Students also do not have the drive to learn and compete. This policy overall promotes carelessness and a laid-back attitude amongst teachers as well. Simply because there is no possibility of detention, there is no definite need for them to ensure their students gain as much knowledge.

Conclusion:

The right to education is a fundamental human right and there is no denying that it enables the upliftment of many communities across the globe. While the RTE ACT is the right step towards that direction, changes as a result of this act remain yet to be felt or seen in India. The problems that are mentioned above are only a few and there are more issues that come up when it comes to actual practice and implementation. The Act must now focus on better funding and improving the quality of education at a deeper level.

I am Abhiram T.S, a 2nd year undergraduate student currently pursuing a Liberal Arts degree at Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts. I major in International Relations with a minor in Anthropology with additional elective courses. I have a deep interest in current affairs, history, and writing. I intend to pursue a Masters’s in International Relations. I am also an avid cyclist and runner.

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The Right To Education: Laws That Promote and Protect Access To Education

Jan 26, 2024 | Education , Family

The right to quality education is vital to the growth and development of all societies. This universal right, recognized by numerous global conventions, ensures everyone, regardless of their background, has the opportunity to reach their full potential. Enshrined in various laws, regulations, and policies, the right to education is a fundamental cornerstone of many societies. This article delves into the legislation that promotes and safeguards access to education.

Understanding the Right To Education

The concept of the right to education came into prominence after World War II. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , adopted in 1948, asserted for the first time that everyone has the right to education. This catalyzed a global movement towards ensuring universal access to quality education, fostering a new era of inclusivity. Since then, the international community has gradually recognized the wide-ranging benefits of universal education. Moreover, more excellent global initiatives have been implemented to bolster the enforcement and recognition of this foundational right.

Education equips individuals with the knowledge and skills to secure their livelihoods, engage in civic matters, and contribute to their communities and the world. It provides a pathway out of poverty, promotes social and economic mobility, and underpins democracy and human rights. The palpable impacts of education reach beyond the individual, breeding societal harmony, stimulating economic growth, and nurturing a culture of innovation and progress. In essence, the right to education is not merely about access. It’s about creating an environment where everyone can thrive, regardless of circumstances.

Legislation Promoting Access To Education

There are numerous pieces of legislation worldwide that reinforce the right to education. In the United States, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) ensures all students have access to a high-quality education, holding schools accountable for student learning.

In addition, the U.S. also passed the Higher Education Act in 1965, which focused on providing financial aid opportunities for low-income students to ensure broader access to higher education.

Furthermore, Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 prohibits discrimination based on sex in educational institutions, significantly expanding equal educational opportunities for women and girls. These progressive legislations demonstrate America’s long-standing commitment to promoting widespread and inclusive access to education.

Laws Protecting Access To Education

Beyond promoting access, laws worldwide aim to protect individuals’ education rights. These laws often target discrimination — whether it’s based on race, gender, disability, or socio-economic status.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in the U.S. requires schools to provide children with special needs the same educational opportunities as other children.

In Australia, for example, the Sex Discrimination Act prohibits discrimination based on sex, marital status, pregnancy, or potential pregnancy in the field of education. These laws initiate essential conversations on de-stigmatization, equal opportunities, and inclusivity in education.

Impact of Educational Laws

The impact of these progressive education laws is significant. They have opened the doors of education to millions, allowing them to transcend social and economic barriers. By ensuring equitable access and tackling discrimination head-on, these laws have helped shape more inclusive societies.

Below are some of the noticeable impacts of educational laws:

• Increased Access: Through compulsory education laws and the establishment of public school systems, more individuals than ever have access to education.
• Reduced Discrimination: With laws combating discriminatory practices in schools, we’ve seen an increased emphasis on inclusivity and equity in education, regardless of race, gender, or disability.
• Improved Quality of Education: Laws have helped standardize and enhance the quality of education by setting minimum curriculum requirements and teacher qualification standards.
• Protection of Rights: Educational laws have provided a legal recourse for those whose right to education has been infringed upon.
• Promotion of Special Education: Laws like IDEA have promoted and protected the rights of students with disabilities, ensuring they receive appropriate educational services.
• Gender Equality: Domestically and globally, laws have helped bridge the gender gap in education, fostering equity in access and opportunities.
• Focus on Disadvantaged Groups: There is increased attention towards ensuring that disadvantaged and marginalized groups can access quality education.
• Enhanced Societal Mobility: By promoting access to education, these laws have facilitated greater social and economic mobility, disrupting cycles of poverty.

The impacts of these laws can’t be overstated. They have transformed societies, giving everyone a fair shot at fulfilling their potential. However, it’s crucial to remember that educational laws are only as effective as their implementation. Therefore, ongoing efforts should ensure these laws are enforced equitably to further democratize access to quality education.

Challenges and Further Improvements

While immense strides have been made, challenges persist. Resource disparity, social inequality, and discrimination, unfortunately, continue to obstruct the path to education for many. Existing laws must continuously be reviewed to mitigate these issues, and innovative legal frameworks must be introduced based on up-to-date research and data.

Moreover, effective systems are urgently needed to monitor and track the implementation of these education laws. Finally, policy-makers, educators, and communities must all collaborate and participate in a dialogue to foster an education system that lives up to its democratic ideals, thereby genuinely embracing the spirit of the right to education.

Education continues to be the most potent tool in catalyzing personal and societal change. The laws that promote and protect access to education play a pivotal role in ensuring this right is enjoyed universally. As we advance, let’s remain steadfast in our commitment to reinforcing and safeguarding the right to education, drawing on comprehensive databases like lawrina.org that collate and clarify existing legislation for the world to understand. Our collective future depends on it.

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5 Must-Read Essays on the Right to Education

When the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, Article 26 asserted that all people have the right to education. That right appears in other documents such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and in treaties about women and girls, refugees, migrants, and others. Many constitutions around the world also list education as a right. However, the right to education isn’t always upheld. To understand more about education as a human right, and where and why it’s often not a reality, here are five must-read essays:

“ Girls Can Change The World – But We Have To Invest In Them First ” – Malala Yousafzai

Writing for Time Magazine in 2018, Malala Yousafzai’s essay details the importance of educating girls. It’s short, but like all of Malala’s writing, it’s impactful. She opens with the sobering statistic that 130 million girls are not in school. Despite promises at the United Nations to guarantee that every girl will get 12 years of education by 2030, donor countries either halted or decreased their giving for education. Malala expresses her discouragement, but remains hopeful, drawing attention to the Malala Fund and impact of local activists and educators.

The youngest Nobel Prize laureate, Malala is a Pakistani human rights activist, with a special focus on female education. In 2012, the Taliban attempted to assassinate her since she was already a well-known activist, but she survived. The attack and recovery made her a household name, and she won the Nobel Prize two years later. She is a writer and current student at Oxford University.

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“ is education a fundamental right ” – jill lepore.

A relatively-unknown Supreme Court Case from 1982, Plyler v. Doe addressed questions about education, immigration, and if schooling is a human right. In her essay, Jill Lepore writes that this case could become much better known as various lawsuits filed on behalf of immigrant children enter the court system. These are the children who are separated from their parents at the border and deprived of education.  Using Plyler v. Doe as a guide along with the other cases both past and present, Lepore explores the issue of education as a fundamental right in the United States.

This essay appeared in the print edition of The New Yorker in September 2018 under the headline “Back to the Blackboard.” Jill Lepore is a professor of history at Harvard University and a staff writer for the New Yorker. Publications include the book These Truths: A History of the United States and This America: The Case for the Nation.

“ How to Improve Access to Education Around the World ” – Jan Lee

In this piece on the Triple Pundit platform, Lee takes a look at how Pearson, an education publishing and assessment service company based in the UK, is making an impact on education access around the world. In the United States, Pearson works on finding solutions for the social and economic problems that lead to low high-school graduation rates. Pearson also invests in low-cost private education around the world. The essay highlights how access to education can be improved through new educational technology for students with disabilities and outreach to underserved communities. Since this article was sponsored by Pearson, it doesn’t look at what other companies or organizations are doing, but it provides a good model for the kinds of actions that can help.

Jan Lee is an award-winning editorial writer and former news editor, whose work can be found Triple Pundit, JustMeans, and her blog The Multicultural Jew. On Triple Pundit, she’s written stories on a variety of topics, such as Leadership & Transparency, Data & Technology, and Energy & Environment.

“ Higher Education Is A Human Right ” – Heidi Gilchrist

It’s established that primary education is a human right, but what about higher education? In her essay, Heidi Gilchrist argues that it is. Looking specifically at the United States, her reason is that in order to access the American dream- which she calls the “ideal it [the country] was founded on” – people need higher education. As global society starts to depend more on technology and other complex systems, more and more jobs will require advanced degrees. In order to truly succeed and achieve their dreams, people will need higher education. Gilchrist offers another perspective on the issue, as well, writing that countries need people with advanced degrees to protect national security. Having higher education remain a luxury means only the wealthy can access it, and that harms a society in every regard.

Heidi Gilchrist is a Lecturer-in-Law at Columbia Law School and an Assistant Professor of Legal Writing at Brooklyn Law. In her previous career, she served as a national security analyst in the federal government, and as a laison to the FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Force in New York City. She writes on national security and how it converges with human rights law and civil rights.

“ Public schools for private gain: The declining American commitment to serving the public good ” – David F. Larabee

In an essay that is both a history lesson and critical look at the pursuit of education as a “private benefit,” Larabee argues that this new view of schooling is dangerous. While in the past, school had been seen as a community where students of all backgrounds and finances mingle and receive opportunities, it’s morphing into just another capitalist arena. Wealthy parents are choosing private schools and focusing their resources there, while public schools and students struggle. School is becoming “a means of private advancement,” Larabee says, instead of a source of public good. This has serious long-term consequences.

David Larabee is a Lee L. Jacks Professor of Education, emeritus, at the Standard University Graduate School of Education. He describes himself as a “sociologically oriented historian of education.” He is also an author, most recently of 2017’s A Perfect Mess: The Unlikely Ascendancy of American Higher Education.

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ASSIGNMENT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ATICLE 26 THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION

The right to education: a fundamental human right.

This document explores the significance of the right to education as enshrined in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It highlights Botswana’s commitment to providing free education since 1986 and emphasizes the necessity of accessible, equitable education for all, regardless of gender.

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• EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT
• Masters in Education
• Education Policy and Reformation
• Inclusive Education and Special Needs
• Montessori Education Sensitive Periods by Heather White

Publication:

This publication delves into the critical role of education as a fundamental human right, emphasizing its transformative power in society. It discusses Botswana’s initiatives to provide free education and the importance of early childhood education. The author advocates for inclusive curricula that empower both boys and girls, ensuring equal opportunities in all subjects. By promoting awareness and community engagement, the publication aims to inspire action towards achieving educational equity and improving living standards. The ultimate goal is to foster a society where education leads to dignity, respect for human rights, and a better quality of life for all citizens.

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